Strategic Management for FMCG Market During Recession Dissertation

Strategic Management for FMCG Market During Recession - Dissertation Example During recessions depending on its severity, the only surviving product that is still moving is the FMCG's otherwise known as FMCG. These are the essential products that are used by the consumers in their everyday lives. An example of FMCGs is coffee, milk, and sugars. Infant foods or pharmaceutical products used in the maintenance of ailments such as anti-hyper tension and anti rejections are also considered FMCGs. Laundry and dish washing soaps, including body soaps and shampoos, are also considered as FMCGs. Every FMCG manufacturer’s or distributor’s goal is to capture a big chunk of the market as much as possible during a recession since the trust that will be gained from the brand will be carried over until the recession is over. The foot in the door approach as a strategy for FMCG is an effective way of capturing a large chunk of the market. The most efficacious way of staying on the radar of consumers is the FMCGs price. During a recession, the resource that is the most affected is the liquidity of the company and most especially the consumers. Thus maximizing the use of money is the most potent approach for consumers to survive the recession. Armed with this knowledge further investigation was conducted for the purpose of determining the efficacy of the strategy of value-pack packaging as the direction of capturing the FMCG market. However, the investigation leads to the realization that value pack packaging is also environmentally harmful since it costs a lot of packaging raw material to packaging FMCG in smaller packs or volumes. ... Thus maximizing the use of money is the most potent approach for consumers to survive the recession. This paper investigated the theory by conducting a survey to verify the behaviour of consumers during recessions. Further investigation through the use of surveys determined that due to the affordability of products that are packaged in smaller volumes consumer behaviour therefore gravitate towards this direction. Armed with this knowledge further investigation was conducted for the purpose of determining the efficacy of the strategy of value-pack packaging as the direction of capturing the FMCG market. However, the investigation lead to the realization that value pack packaging is also environmentally harmful since it costs a lot of packaging raw material to package FMCG in smaller packs or volumes. Not only that but the intended reduction in price may not be realized since the cost will be eaten by the packaging materials and the increased cost of warehousing the added volume of sma ller packs packaging. Acknowledgement I would like to acknowledge the many people who have supported me and provided me with moral and actual assistance during the time when I needed it most. The many stress filled sleepless nights has been made bearable with the help of the following people. My family who has given me the strength and moral support to continue to be resilient and strong while making this paper, my MBA Course Moderator, Ms. Helen Goworek for the guidance and support, Dr. Paul Yap (Executive Director, FMCG Company) for writing approach and Guidance. The many unknown faces of grocers, store owners and FMCG industry packaging supervisors who was patient in answering incessant questions about the FMCG industry. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Executive Summary 3

High Risk Sexual Behavior with Incarcerated Youths Annotated Bibliography

High Risk Sexual Behavior with Incarcerated Youths - Annotated Bibliography Example On the whole, the work is well-written by qualified experts and will be useful for both clinicians and researchers in the field of STD The need to widen surveillance measures against STD among incarcerated youth has never been more crucial than now and the last few years because of statistics pointing out escalating rates of health problems among this group of adolescents. This is the rallying point of this article. The study is divided into 9 parts: abstract; the juvenile justice system; reasons for screening adolescent arrestees; substance use, sex, and other risk factors; organizational and structural barriers; policy and implementation issues; a promising model; conclusions and recommendations. The model of collaboration between the juvenile justice system and public health system, which was initiated as part of the study was fruitful. Related endeavors may pattern their model from the Belenko, et al. (2009) collaborative model. The authors demonstrated their expertise on the subject. The article is a review of recent developments the epidemiology of STD among incarcerated adolescents, as well as STD screening and interventions in juvenile correctional facilities. The generally high prevalence of chlamydia and gonorrhea even among incarcerated women was confirmed in this review and confirmed the authors’ position that screening of incarcerated adolescents in prison should be prioritized. Future research directions point towards the necessity to further examine the causes of the rise in the incidence of chlamydia and gonorrhea.

Scandinavian Civil Law

Scandinavian Civil Law Introduction to Scandinavian Civil Law Scandinavian civil law applies to the five Scandinavian countries, namely Denmark, Sweden, Iceland, Finland and Norway. Historically, it has it roots set in Germanic law, but Scandinavian civil law is now more closely akin to the civil law of the common law countries such as the UK and Australia. History of Scandinavian Civil Law Scandinavian civil law has not always been recognised as a unified system of law for the five Scandinavian countries. Until the early 9th century, Scandinavian civil law did not exist as a concept at all; instead, the five nations all had their own independent legal and administrative systems. Despite the five countries having their own systems, legally, they were all based on similar theories and it was not long until they started to merge into one body of Scandinavian civil law. Initially, Scandinavian civil law was entirely unwritten; it was based on customs and social development that gradually became a codified system. The customary type of Scandinavian civil law was managed by group meetings which could be attended by all men. This system of Scandinavian civil law worked well until the 11th century when the rules became too difficult to manage and some basic laws were codified into a written text. Generally, Scandinavian civil law was put together by private individuals, although increasingly the king became involved. By the 13th century, the body of Scandinavian law was largely complete in its current form. Scandinavian civil law became much more unified across the five countries, over the centuries. However, there were still differences regarding where the laws originated from. For example, the Gulathing Law originated from Norway, in the 11th century, whereas the Law of Uppland came from Sweden, in the 13th century. These early laws formed the basis of future Scandinavian civil law; however, they were not in the same format as modern Scandinavian civil law. The first codification of Scandinavian civil law started with the areas of matrimony, property, inheritance and contract, although gradually this extended to cover the areas of administrative and criminal law. Religious law was dealt with entirely separately, with its own court and justice decisions. Despite the early shift towards codifying Scandinavian civil law, the first common law system that was centrally arranged was actually criminal law, particularly in the area of manslaughter and blood feuds. Religious law also started to become intertwined into the Scandinavian civil law, primarily in order to ensure that assisting the poor was something written down in law. Power also shifted towards the king, with King Magnus’s Swedish code of 1350 being the first of its kind, placing power on the King’s officials to manage the commencement of criminal proceedings. Although this only dealt with the criminal law element of the legal system, it was, nevertheless, the beginning of the Scandinavian civil system as we know it today. By 1380, Denmark and Norway had come under the rule of one king, although the legal systems remained independent. This unification was the first step towards the Scandinavian civil law becoming one system. Over the next three hundred years, the Scandinavian civil law system gradually gained codification and unification across the two countries, influences of which filtered into the neighbouring countries. The codes that were developed by the two Scandinavian countries were extremely well written and the envy of many of other countries. The wording in this code of Scandinavian civil law was both simple and easy to understand. Sweden was one of the first countries to accept the new code, actively, and it became clear that this was set to be the widely accepted Scandinavian civil law code. Scandinavian Civil Law Today Whilst the historic codes were both popular and widely accepted, the complexity of modern life has meant that Scandinavian civil law has more recently become regulated by more and more statutes. During this modern development, the five Scandinavian countries have all largely followed the same basic theories, yet have generated their own legal standards. Essentially, all Scandinavian civil law is based on the Swedish laws of the early 18th century. Although there is a degree of separation in terms of legal structures in the Scandinavian countries, there is still the agreement between the states to cooperate on matters of legislation. This agreement was entered into in 1872 and has become more and more important and the foundation of Scandinavian civil law as we know it today. Typically, areas such as commerce and contracts have always ensured that there is conformity amongst the Scandinavian states. One of the main benefits of having a largely uniform Scandinavian civil law is that trade and movement of both people and commerce is much more fluently achieved across the Scandinavian countries. Scandinavian civil law is a unique blend of many different legal systems, although most notably German and French laws. This influence is primarily down to the way in which the law is taught in Scandinavia, with many Scandinavian based lawyers studying in France and Germany before returning to practise in Scandinavia. Despite the unique format of the Scandinavian civil law, it does largely follow in line with other European countries when it comes to matters of international trade and shipping. Although it has been necessary for Scandinavian civil law to become suitably in line with other European states, the Scandinavian states have opted to stay as straightforward and close to real life practicalities, as possible. This is particularly evident when it comes to welfare law. In a similar way to the English law courts, the judges are largely responsible for making the law, although in a different way to the English courts. For example, there is no principle of binding precedent, which makes Scandinavian civil law particularly flexible and able to deal with changes is social needs as and when they arise. Scandinavian civil law is very flexible, yet sufficiently structured to allow the Scandinavian states to compete on an entirely level footing with other European states for the purposes of commercial contracts. Many legal theorists believe that Scandinavian civil law is, in fact, a model code which should be considered by many other modern countries across the world.

The Dark Side Of A Wonder Drug-a Selected Collection Of Testimony On T :: essays research papers

The Dark side of a Wonder Drug-A Selected Collection of Testimony on the Safety of Ritalin "We give our children every day, yet we punish adults for taking speed," stated a concerned parent(Ritalin Zone). A trip to the principal's office used to mean big trouble. These days, more kids are showing up in the school office just to get their midday dose of Ritalin. Ritalin, the drug used to treat hyperactivity in children, is being seized on by a generation worried about controlling inappropriate behavior. But some doctors think Ritalin is being prescribed to children who are simply having trouble in school. The numbers suggest they have good reason to worry. The number of prescriptions for Ritalin increased four-fold from 1990 to 1995, making the stimulant one of the most prescribed drugs in the country. No one knows exactly what's behind the surge in Ritalin use, but experts speculate it's due to everything from increased awareness of attention disorders in schools to teachers and parents becoming less tolerant of unruly behavior. Some local school offices have become virtual noon-time pharmacies. At one Ottawa-area board of education, the number of medications dispensed to students by office administrators has increased 20 per cent over the past 18 months. A good chunk of those pills are Ritalin. "We always worry that we're a half-step away from giving someone the wrong dosage," says John Beatty, the board's superintendent of school operations(Ritalin Boy). "In certain school systems there's been a teacher who has seen it work and they'll start suggesting it as an option for all children who are acting out," said Linda Budd, a St. Paul, Minn., psychologist who has written the book Living With the Active/Alert Child. "We've got some teachers we call "Ritalin bullies' - he's not paying attention to me so he needs Ritalin"(Ritalin Zone). Marcia Ruberg, a school psychologist in Cherry Hill (N.J.) School District, said the number of children taking Ritalin varies greatly from class to class, depending on "the teacher's belief system"(Ritalin). At some schools, children as young as seven are asked to take their Ritalin themselves. The little blue pills have become so common in school yards that some kids are reportedly selling their spare Ritalin to friends, who take it in the hope of getting a buzz. "Every parent wants their child to be at the top of the class," says Dr. Andre Cote, clinical director of the Children's Mental Health Treatment Center at the Royal Ottawa Hospital. "What we might be seeing is that people are trying to improve their kids' performance by giving them medication"(Health: Ritalin). Others worry that Ritalin has become an easy answer for busy families

American Sign Language Essay

For years psychologists have debated and tried to find out how our individual behaviour is gained- are we born with it or do we gain it through experience? Many psychologists have tried to find ways in which they can measure if our behaviour is learnt or inherited but these psychologists have encountered problems while doing so.  One problem that psychologists have when investigating whether behaviour is learned or inherited is actually finding a task that can be given to all of the different participants. Psychologists carrying out an experiment to find out about behaviour usually have participants which are different in some way, for example different sexes, different cultures, different levels of intelligence. Deregowski conducted a cross cultural experiment to see if people from different cultures perceive pictures the same. He found that the African children spent a lot of time looking at the pen and paper as they had never before seen or used them in their life. The same task has to be given to all of the participants as the same dependant variable is being measured and this is a big problem as it decreases the reliability of the results. Another problem is that it is very difficult to separate genetics and our experience as we begin learning from the moment we are born. This makes it hard to find a task that can measure just the intelligence we are born with because as long as we are on this planet, we are constantly learning new things that make us more intelligent. Gould carried out an experiment to measure people’s native intellectual ability (the intelligence we are a born with which is unaffected by culture and educational opportunities). The experiment clearly didn’t measure native intellectual ability, as you needed to know about American culture to answer the questions. Even thought the experiment was biased and favoured Americans, it is still a good example of how difficult it is to measure our native intellectual ability because Gould’s aim for the experiment was to measure this but this obviously proved to be very difficult. Other psychologists have tried to measure the intellectual ability we are born with but many have began to question whether we can ever make a task that measures our native intellectual ability. The only way we come very close to separating our learned and inherited ability is if we separate two identical twins at birth and put them into different environments. We could put one into an environment where a very minimal amount of behaviour is learnt from experience. For example we could put the twin into an empty room with no contact with the outside world and hardly any human contact (somewhat like a prison). The other twin can lead a normal life by going to school, interacting with other people etc. We can then observe the two twins in later life and if their behaviour is very similar or the same, it proves that behaviour is inherited. If the twin who lived in the outside world is more developed that the twin who was shut away from the world, it would prove that our behaviour is gained through experience. This is the only ideal way to investigate whether behaviour is learned or inherited but is this method ethical? Gardner & Gardner wanted to see whether a chimpanzee could communicate in American Sign Language and the only way they could investigate their aim was to treat a chimpanzee like a human and take it out of its natural habitat. They proved that a chimpanzee could communicate in ASL but the experiment was criticised by many people who thought it was unethical.

Eth-125 Week 9 Final Prject

Individual Final Project: Kristopher Freitag Race and ethnicity and understanding its differences helped me achieve a certain amount of levity with the way I interact with others. America is extremely diverse, yet have an abundance of things in common. This is shown throughout history and right outside our doors, America, where our towns and cities are filled to the brim with personalities and of difference race and ethnicity share this culture that we call American society.I have learned to put a haul to being short sited and while I learned little about my own cultural history, the most important thing is to ensure you do not ignore it. Too many people have prejudged notions and are set in their own cultural history and views, but once one looks into it, there are vastly more things one has not realized and learned. It's hard to believe going in to the class that you would be so naive and ignorant to realize how close we are to one another, and how our struggles of differences have brought us closer together.For myself a Caucasian male, there is little to learn about my ethnicity, however as my wife is Hispanic we have grown closer as I have learned more from her and her â€Å"peeps† as she calls them, than most will ever realize. Learning about your own cultural can be beneficial, however I see more benefit in knowing another's, this in turn shows a level of respect for their own history and not a complete overlook of any walks of life they may have come from. The trends in immigration in the United States are very predictable and continue to grow exponentially.Immigration growth is expected to remain high within the United States, as people love this country of ours, and will continue to move here because of its values and most important of all, its freedom. Yes, America is not perfect, but it is considered the mother country and I don't think that reputation is going away soon. People must prepare for the continuing growth of immigration by integrat ing language, culture, and other small differences into our society. This is included in our schools, businesses, television, newspapers, and other outlets.For example, there should be language translations on bus stop signs or restaurant menus, etc. The high note of this exchange of culture will be the limited about of prejudice one can claim against â€Å"the white man† as in essence will become the minorities. Ironically, I see this as a good thing, America was founded on immigrants, I see an equal parts share the most compelling idea. Having the freedom to chose your own path and religion in the United States is why we are the fastest growing nation, it is time we embraced our differences and allow them to create a new life for us.The challenge the United States faces because of its diversity are ever changing and ever growing conflicts within its very own borders. We all want something to enhance lives, some better pay, some more freedom, legalization, marriage, the dive rsity of the things we fight for are vast in and of themselves. As we move forward we will have to begin to negotiate with all of these conflict and make a peaceful resolution available to the people and their demands, otherwise we will plunge ourselves back down into a civil war, of which I am not interested in.The ironic side of this, is if we as a society, as a country, as one can stand up and say this will happen and this is how it will be, than we might just unify our differences and permits the first generation of Americans to be born into a country where we work together, not against one another. The different cultural backgrounds integrated into one community, the different experiences we may learn from each other, the possibilities are endless, but if we compare our society to those of old, the expansion of war introduced new cultures and knowledge, why cannot we do the same without the ar.By simply being civil and tolerant and respectful to one another and treating each ot her as we would want to be treated. I think rudeness is at all time high. I am reading a book The Civility Solution ; it has much superior info. I think if we educate ourselves on this subject ; share what we are learning it will spread quickly. I was in a restaurant this evening ; my waitress was at the table next to mine ; I heard her use the word CRAP. I couldn't belief she said that, she did. What would make a person say that when she is talking to people about food. So raising consciousness is the way to go.I think experience is important & when people learn from experience it is the best teacher. Many who live far out away from others are moving in to the more populated areas & that will help. When you need help & the person who helps is not in the body or from the geographical area you love you start loving them anyway. Inevitably media stereotypes are often utilized in order to provide for a specific effect, especially in the entertainment, advertising, and news industries, which need a wide curtain to attract as large an audience as possible to quickly interpret information.Stereotypes protracted in the media can have negative side effect and become problematic. They can reduce the vast range of cultural differences in people to overly simplistic categorizations and transforming assumptions about particular groups into â€Å"realities† are engaged to justify the position of those in charge and perpetuate social prejudice and inequality The cultural groups being stereotyped are not given any opportunity to influence how they are represented.This is common within the media, regardless of style, show or channel, stereotypes and some causes of stereotypical portrayals, include a lack of diversity behind the scenes. However the basis for this creation of appreciation induced by the media is not without saying, the focus aimed at minorities of all ethnicities, families, and the appreciation for freedom, this lack of anger that can be pushed into our televisions, movies, and commercials is a method of uniting Americans and their differences.Only through an acknowledgment of our differences will the prejudicial learning's and educational services be made the misinformation to be openly discussed and approached with in a way which is likely to foster change. It is clear however, that if we can't talk about these differences and problems in their portrayal, we surely can't change it. Sigmund Freud, the famous Austrian physician changed the whole face of psychology in such a dramatic way by putting forward a theory of personality that stressed on the importance of the unconscious mind.The work he completed with patients suffering from mental disabilities like hysteria led him to theorize that our early childhood as well as our unconscious thoughts and actions contribute toward the development of our personalities and overall adult behavior. Changing an entire groups prejudiced attitudes, views and beliefs and an institution's racist actions is not simply fixed overnight.Reducing our racial prejudice as a society and racism is a complex task that changes in notions from community to community, so it doesn't offer a straight-forward approach, a step by step process that can be adopted and integrated without having a complete understanding of the environment and social context. This action would require knowing your community well and being able to choose a strategy that will best fit your own community's needs, history, context, energies, and resources, as a one size fits all will not work in this matter.